Alexander Severus Denarius: A Collector's Guide

by Jhon Lennon 48 views

Hey guys! Today, we're diving deep into the fascinating world of ancient Roman coinage, specifically focusing on the Alexander Severus denarius. Whether you're a seasoned numismatist or just starting to dip your toes into the hobby, this guide will provide you with everything you need to know about this intriguing coin. We’ll explore its history, design, value, and what makes it a must-have for any serious collector. So, grab your magnifying glasses, and let's get started!

Who Was Alexander Severus?

Before we get into the nitty-gritty of the coin itself, let's talk about the man behind the money. Alexander Severus was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235 AD. His reign, though relatively short, was marked by a series of challenges and reforms. Born as Gessius Bassianus Alexianus, he adopted the name Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander upon becoming emperor. Alexander was the last emperor of the Severan dynasty, which had brought a period of relative stability after the tumultuous years following Commodus' reign. Taking the throne at a young age, much of his early rule was influenced by his mother, Julia Mamaea, who acted as his advisor.

During his time as emperor, Alexander faced numerous military threats, particularly from the Sasanian Empire in the east and Germanic tribes along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. His approach to these conflicts was often diplomatic, preferring negotiation and bribery over outright warfare. This strategy, while sometimes effective, earned him criticism from the Roman army, who saw it as a sign of weakness. In terms of domestic policy, Alexander implemented several reforms aimed at improving the lives of ordinary citizens. He lowered taxes, supported public works projects, and promoted the arts and sciences. He also attempted to curb the excesses of the imperial court and restore some of the traditional values of Roman society. However, despite his efforts, Alexander's reign was ultimately cut short when he and his mother were assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Moguntiacum (modern-day Mainz, Germany) in 235 AD. This event marked the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of political instability, economic decline, and civil war that nearly led to the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Alexander Severus' legacy is a mixed one. On the one hand, he is remembered as a well-intentioned ruler who tried to improve the lives of his people and maintain the stability of the empire. On the other hand, he is criticized for his perceived weakness and his inability to control the army, which ultimately led to his downfall. Nevertheless, his reign is an important period in Roman history, and the coins minted during his time offer a fascinating glimpse into the political, economic, and social conditions of the era. The Alexander Severus denarius, in particular, is a tangible link to this emperor and his time, making it a valuable and sought-after piece for collectors.

What is a Denarius?

Okay, before we get too far ahead, let's quickly define what a denarius actually is. The denarius was the standard silver coin of the Roman Republic and, later, the Roman Empire. It was first introduced around 211 BC during the Second Punic War and remained in circulation for over 400 years. The term "denarius" comes from the Latin word "deni," meaning "containing ten," as it was originally valued at ten asses (another type of Roman coin). Over time, the value of the denarius fluctuated, but it remained a crucial part of the Roman monetary system.

During the Roman Empire, the denarius was the backbone of everyday transactions. It was used to pay soldiers, finance public works, and facilitate trade. The weight and purity of the silver in a denarius were closely controlled by the Roman government, although these standards often varied depending on the emperor and the economic conditions of the time. The denarius was not only a practical means of exchange but also a powerful tool for propaganda. Roman emperors used the coin to depict themselves, their family members, and important events, thus spreading their image and message throughout the empire. For collectors today, the denarius offers a unique window into the history, politics, and culture of ancient Rome. It's a tangible piece of the past that can be held in your hand and studied, providing insights that can't be found in textbooks alone. And when it comes to Alexander Severus, his denarii are particularly interesting because they reflect his reign's specific challenges and policies.

Understanding the significance of the denarius helps us appreciate the role it played in the Roman economy and society. It's not just a piece of metal; it's a symbol of Roman power, ingenuity, and enduring legacy. When you hold an Alexander Severus denarius, you're not just holding a coin; you're holding a piece of history.

Key Features of the Alexander Severus Denarius

Alright, let's get down to the specifics of the Alexander Severus denarius. What makes it unique, and how can you identify one? Here are some key features to look for:

  1. Obverse (Front) Design: The obverse typically features a portrait of Alexander Severus facing right, wearing either a laurel wreath or a radiate crown. The inscription around the portrait usually includes his name and titles, such as "IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG." The style and detail of the portrait can vary depending on the mint and the engraver, but the overall likeness is generally consistent.

  2. Reverse (Back) Design: The reverse designs of Alexander Severus denarii are incredibly diverse, depicting various gods, goddesses, allegorical figures, and scenes of Roman life. Some common reverse types include:

    • Pax (Peace) holding an olive branch and scepter
    • Roma (Rome) seated on a throne
    • Liberalitas (Generosity) distributing coins
    • Mars (War) standing with a spear and shield
    • Providentia (Providence) holding a globe and scepter

The inscriptions on the reverse often provide additional information about the design or the emperor's policies. For example, a coin depicting Pax might have the inscription "PAX AVG," meaning "Peace of the Emperor."

  1. Metal and Size: Alexander Severus denarii were primarily made of silver, although the purity of the silver could vary. They typically weigh between 2.5 and 3.5 grams and have a diameter of around 18-20 millimeters. Keep in mind that these measurements can vary slightly depending on the specific coin and its condition.

  2. Mint Marks: Roman coins often feature mint marks, which indicate where the coin was produced. The most common mint for Alexander Severus denarii is Rome, but coins were also minted in other cities throughout the empire. Mint marks can be found in the exergue (the space below the main design on the reverse) or in other areas of the coin.

  3. Style and Engraving: The style and quality of the engraving on Alexander Severus denarii can vary depending on the skill of the engraver and the standards of the mint. Some coins are finely detailed and artistically rendered, while others are more crudely made. The style of the portrait and the reverse design can also provide clues about the coin's date and origin.

By familiarizing yourself with these key features, you'll be better equipped to identify and appreciate the Alexander Severus denarius. Remember to pay attention to the details, and don't be afraid to use reference materials to help you in your search.

Why Collect Alexander Severus Denarii?

So, why should you consider adding an Alexander Severus denarius to your collection? Well, there are several compelling reasons:

  • Historical Significance: As we've discussed, Alexander Severus was an important figure in Roman history, and his reign was a pivotal period in the empire's decline. Collecting his coins allows you to connect with this historical period and learn more about the challenges and triumphs of his reign.

  • Variety of Designs: The sheer variety of reverse designs on Alexander Severus denarii makes them a fascinating and rewarding area of collecting. With so many different gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures to choose from, you can build a diverse and interesting collection that reflects the rich mythology and culture of ancient Rome.

  • Affordability: Compared to some other Roman coins, Alexander Severus denarii are generally quite affordable, especially in lower grades. This makes them an accessible option for collectors of all levels, from beginners to advanced numismatists.

  • Educational Value: Collecting Roman coins is a great way to learn about history, art, and culture. Each coin tells a story, and by studying the designs, inscriptions, and historical context, you can gain a deeper understanding of the ancient world.

  • Investment Potential: While coin collecting should primarily be a hobby, some Roman coins can also appreciate in value over time. Rare or well-preserved Alexander Severus denarii can be particularly valuable, making them a potentially good investment.

For those of you who are looking to start a new collection or expand an existing one, the Alexander Severus denarius provides a fantastic entry point. The coins are accessible, interesting, and historically significant – a winning combination for any collector!

Tips for Collecting Alexander Severus Denarii

Ready to start your Alexander Severus denarius collection? Here are a few tips to help you along the way:

  1. Do Your Research: Before you start buying coins, take some time to learn about Alexander Severus, his reign, and the different types of denarii that were minted during his time. There are many excellent books, websites, and online forums that can provide you with valuable information.

  2. Set a Budget: Coin collecting can be an expensive hobby, so it's important to set a budget and stick to it. Decide how much you're willing to spend on each coin and don't overextend yourself.

  3. Buy from Reputable Dealers: When buying coins, it's essential to work with reputable dealers who have a good reputation and a history of selling authentic coins. Avoid buying from unknown sources or dealers who offer prices that seem too good to be true.

  4. Examine Coins Carefully: Before you buy a coin, examine it carefully for signs of damage, wear, or alteration. Check the details of the design, the inscriptions, and the overall condition of the coin. If possible, use a magnifying glass to get a closer look.

  5. Consider the Grade: The grade of a coin refers to its condition and overall appearance. Coins are typically graded on a scale from Poor to Uncirculated, with higher grades commanding higher prices. Consider the grade of a coin when evaluating its value and desirability.

  6. Focus on Quality: While it's tempting to buy as many coins as possible, it's often better to focus on quality over quantity. A few well-preserved and attractive coins are more rewarding than a large collection of poorly preserved or unattractive coins.

  7. Join a Coin Club: Joining a coin club is a great way to connect with other collectors, learn about numismatics, and buy, sell, and trade coins. Coin clubs often host meetings, lectures, and shows, providing valuable opportunities for education and networking.

  8. Be Patient: Building a coin collection takes time and patience. Don't get discouraged if you don't find the perfect coin right away. Keep searching, keep learning, and enjoy the process!

These simple but useful tips will get you started on the right foot with collecting the Alexander Severus denarius.

Caring for Your Denarii

Okay, so you've started collecting Alexander Severus denarii. Now, how do you take care of them? Proper storage and handling are crucial to preserving your coins and maintaining their value. Here are some tips:

  • Handling: Always handle coins by their edges to avoid transferring oils and dirt from your fingers to the surface. Consider wearing cotton gloves when handling valuable or delicate coins.

  • Storage: Store coins in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Use coin albums, holders, or capsules specifically designed for coin storage. Avoid storing coins in PVC holders, as they can damage the coins over time.

  • Cleaning: In general, it's best to avoid cleaning ancient coins, as cleaning can damage the surface and reduce their value. If a coin is particularly dirty or corroded, consult with a professional conservator before attempting to clean it.

  • Display: If you want to display your coins, use display cases or frames that are designed for coin display. Avoid displaying coins in areas where they will be exposed to excessive humidity, heat, or light.

  • Insurance: Consider insuring your coin collection against theft, damage, or loss. Consult with an insurance agent who specializes in collectibles to determine the best coverage for your needs.

By following these simple care tips, you can ensure that your Alexander Severus denarii remain in good condition for years to come. Remember, proper care is an investment in the long-term value and enjoyment of your collection.

Conclusion

Well, there you have it – a comprehensive guide to the Alexander Severus denarius! We've covered everything from the history of Alexander Severus to the key features of his coins, why you should collect them, and how to care for them. Whether you're a seasoned collector or just starting out, I hope this guide has provided you with valuable information and inspiration.

The Alexander Severus denarius is more than just a coin; it's a tangible link to the past, a window into the world of ancient Rome, and a fascinating piece of history that you can hold in your hand. So, get out there, start exploring, and discover the joy of collecting these amazing coins. Happy collecting, and may the numismatic force be with you!